Cleopatra VII ruled ancient Egypt as co-regent first with her father, then with her two younger brothers and finally with her son for almost three decades. She was part of a dynasty of Macedonian rulers founded by Ptolemy, who served as general under Alexander the Great during For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around B.
From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the New Built during a time when Egypt was one of the richest and most powerful civilizations in the world, the pyramids—especially the Great Pyramids of Giza—are some of the most magnificent man-made structures in history.
Their massive scale reflects the unique role that the pharaoh, The amazing works of art and architecture known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World serve as a testament to the ingenuity, imagination and sheer hard work of which human beings are capable. They are also, however, reminders of the human capacity for disagreement, He shrewdly combined military He is best known for his debaucheries, political murders, persecution of Christians and a passion for music that led to the probably Julius Caesar was a renowned general, politician and scholar in ancient Rome who conquered the vast region of Gaul and helped initiate the end of the Roman Republic when he became dictator of the Roman Empire.
Despite his brilliant military prowess, his political skills and his Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Recommended for you. Public monuments, however, depict a dutiful Hatshepsut standing appropriately behind her husband. But while she bore her husband a daughter, Neferure her only known child , Hatshepsut failed in the more important duty of producing a son. So when Thutmose II died young c. Monuments of the time show Thutmose III—still a child, but portrayed in the conventional manner as an adult king—performing his pharaonic duties, while Hatshepsut, dressed as queen, stands demurely off to one side.
By the seventh year of her regency, however and it may have been much earlier , the formerly slim, graceful queen appears as a full-blown, flail-and-crook-wielding king, with the broad, bare chest of a man and the pharaonic false beard. But why? You were a god. Hatshepsut probably knew her position was tenuous—both by virtue of her sex and the unconventional way she had gained the throne—and therefore appears to have done what canny leaders have often done in times of crisis: she reinvented herself.
The most obvious form this took was having herself portrayed as a male pharaoh. But he believes it may have been motivated by the presence of a male co-ruler—a circumstance with which no previous female ruler had ever contended. She was not cross-dressing! The key word here is maat—the ancient Egyptian expression for order and justice as established by the gods.
Maintaining and perpetuating maat to ensure the prosperity and stability of the country required a legitimate pharaoh who could speak—as only pharaohs could—directly with the gods. By calling herself Maatkare, Hatshepsut was likely reassuring her people that they had a legitimate ruler on the throne. She began with the erection of two foot-tall obelisks at the great temple complex at Karnak. Reliefs commemorating the event show the obelisks, each weighing about tons, being towed along the Nile by 27 ships manned by oarsmen.
Hatshepsut carried out her public works program across the empire, but it was concentrated in the area around Thebes, the dynastic and theological center of the Thutmoside dynasty, where she built a network of imposing processional roadways and sanctuaries. At Deir el-Bahri, just across the Nile from Thebes, she erected her magnum opus—an immense memorial temple, used for special religious rites connected to the cult that would guarantee Hatshepsut perpetual life after death.
Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. An Egyptian queen renowned for her beauty, Nefertiti ruled alongside her husband, Pharaoh Akhenaten, during the mids B. As queen of ancient Egypt, Cleopatra is one of the most famous female rulers in history.
The stories surrounding Cleopatra's tragic life inspired a Shakespeare play. During his reign, he reestablished Egyptian rule of Syria and Palestine. King Tut was an Egyptian pharaoh famed for his opulent tomb, discovered intact in , with his mask and mummy in his original sarcophagus.
Anwar el-Sadat was the president of Egypt from who shared the Nobel Peace Prize for establishing peace agreements with Israel. She celebrated 65 years on the throne in February with her Sapphire Jubilee. Queen Victoria was queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from to — the second-longest reign of any British monarch. Lady Jane Grey is one of the most romanticized monarchs of Tudor England. Her nine-day reign was an unsuccessful attempt to maintain Protestant rule. This challenge cost her the throne and her head.
Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. Hatshepsut was the longest-reigning female pharaoh in Egypt, ruling for 20 years in the 15th century B.
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